Phrases and clauses of reason (Cụm từ và mệnh đề chỉ lý do)
Because of / Due to + V-ing / Noun / pronoun
Ex: We didn’t go out due to the cold weather.
They are here because of us.
Because / As / Since + S + V
Ex: They can’t go out because / as / since it is very cold outside.
3. Cách rút gọn mệnh đề lý do sang cụm từ chỉ lý do
→ because of + tính từ sở hữu + N
Ex: He failed the exam because he is lazy.
He failed the exam because of / due to his laziness.
→ because of + the + adj + N
Ex: They can’t go fishing because the weather is bad.
They can’t go fishing because of the bad weather.
c. . …because + S + V + O
→ because of + V-ing + O (thường dùng khi 2 chủ ngữ giống nhau)
Ex: She got ill because she worked hard.
She got ill because of working hard.
Phrases and clauses of result (Cụm từ và mệnh đề chỉ kết quả)
a. enough ….to (đủ …..để có thể)
S + V + adj / adv + enough (for O) + to-inf.
S + V + enough + N + to-inf.
Ex: Mary is old enough to do what she wants.
b. too ….to (quá ….không thể)
S + V + too + adj / adv (for O) + to-inf.
Ex: Tim spoke too quickly for us to understand.
– Too much và too many thường được dùng trước danh từ
2. Mệnh đề chỉ kết quả:
a. so ….that (quá … đến nỗi)
Ex: It was so dark that I couldn’t see anything.
She walked so quickly that nobody could keep up with her.
* ….. so many / so few + Noun (số nhiều) + that …: quá nhiều / quá ít….đến nỗi …
* ……so much / so little + Noun (không đếm được) + that ….: quá nhiều / quá ít …đến nỗi …
Ex: There were so few people at the meeting that it was cancelled.
He has invested so much money in the project that he can’t abandon it now.
* Cấu trúc khác của so … that: S + V + so + adj + a + Noun (đếm được số ít) + that …
Ex: It was so hot a day that we decided to stay in door.
b. such …. that (quá … đến nỗi)
S+ V + such (a/an) + adj + N + that + S + V ……
Ex: It was such a heavy piano that we couldn’t move it.
Note:
Ex: She is such a baby that we never dare to leave her alone.
– Không dùng a /an trước danh từ số nhiều và danh từ không đếm được
Ex: They are such old shoes. (Không dùng …such an old shoes)
– So được dùng với many, much, few, little. Such được dùng với a lot of.
Ex: Why did you buy so much food? = Why did you buy such a lot of food?
– Đôi khi so được đặt đầu câu để nhấn mạnh và theo sau là hình thức đảo ngữ của động từ.
Ex: So terrible was the weather that all crops were destroyed.